Just in time for its National Day in October, China completed construction of a new village high in the mountains where the Chinese region of Tibet meets the kingdom of Bhutan. A hundred people moved into two dozen new homes beside the Torsa River and celebrated the holiday by raising China's flag and singing the national anthem.
"Each of us is a coordinate of the great motherland," a border guard was quoted as saying by an official state news agency, China Tibetan News.
The problem is, these new "coordinates" are more than a mile inside what Bhutan considers its territory.
The construction, documented in satellite photos, followed a playbook China has used for years. It has brushed aside neighbors' claims of sovereignty to cement its position in territorial disputes by unilaterally changing the facts on the ground.
It used the same tactics in the South China Sea, where it fortified and armed shoals claimed by Vietnam and the Philippines, despite promising the United States not to do so.
This year, China's military built up forces in the Himalayas and crossed into territory that India claimed was on its side of the de facto border. That led to China's bloodiest clash in decades, leaving at least 21 Indian soldiers dead, along with an unknown number of Chinese troops. The violence badly soured relations that had been steadily improving.
Even when challenged, China's territorial grabs are difficult to reverse short of the use of force, as the Indian government has learned. Since the dispute at the border, Chinese troops have remained camped in areas that India once controlled.
"In the end, it reflects the consolidation of China's control over the area it claims," said M. Taylor Fravel, director of the Security Studies Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an expert on China's military.
Over the past year, China has moved aggressively against many of its neighbors, seemingly with little regard for diplomatic or geopolitical fallout. Its actions reflect the ambition of China's leader, Xi Jinping, to assert the country's territorial claims, economic interests and strategic needs around the world.
Xi often cites China's historical grievances against foreign encroachment and colonization, using its past to justify its aggressive strategic activities.
The construction of the Himalayan village suggests that China has extended a broader campaign to fortify its southern flanks to include Bhutan, a Buddhist nation of 800,000 people.
As the construction was underway on that long-disputed border, China added a new claim this summer to nearly 300 square miles of territory in the Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, a preserve on the other side of Bhutan from where the village was being built.
In pushing its boundaries, China appears to have brushed aside decades of quiet and ultimately fruitless talks to finalize the two countries' border. A 25th round of talks this year was postponed because of the coronavirus.
"The Chinese obviously seem to be losing patience," Tenzing Lamsang, editor of the newspaper The Bhutanese and president of the Media Association of Bhutan, wrote on Twitter.
The dispute stems from different interpretations of a treaty signed in 1890 by two now-defunct imperial powers, Britain as India's colonial ruler and the Qing dynasty in China.
The new village is near the Doklam plateau, where the borders of China, India and Bhutan converge. The plateau was the site of a 73-day standoff between Indian and Chinese troops in 2017 that began over the construction of a road into Bhutanese territory. India, which is obliged to defend Bhutan under a long-standing security pact, pushed troops forward to halt the Chinese work.
Bhutan, which in recent years has felt squeezed between the two giants, poses no military threat to China. For China, control of the area would give its forces a strategic position near a narrow strip of land in India called the Siliguri Corridor. That area, which Indian military strategists also call the Chicken Neck, connects the bulk of India to its easternmost provinces bordering Bangladesh, Myanmar and China.
Lamsang noted that Bhutan has long had to defer to India's security interests. In its repeated talks with the Chinese, Bhutan has so far been unwilling to make any territorial concessions along the western and central borders. "Given Bhutan's refusal to concede in the talks or even agree to compromises by China we are now paying a price," Lamsang wrote.
